All project partners have a demonstrated record of accomplishment of projects at national, international and commercial level. MINATURA2020 is a 3-year EU funded project that relies on the strength of an international consortium of 24 partners. Providing a policy-planning framework that comprises the “sustainability principle” for mining like for other land uses is the key driving force behind MINATURA2020. The overall objective of MINATURA2020 is to develop a concept and methodology for the definition and subsequent protection of “mineral deposits of public importance” in order to ensure their “best use” in the future in order to be included in a harmonised European regulatory/guidance/policy framework. The deliberation between these diverse land uses requires adequate consideration of the exclusiveness, reversibility, and consequences on the surrounding.
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Access to mineral deposits, on the other hand, also meets public interests such as raw materials security (compared with many international access options). Accordingly exploitable mineral deposits (including known geological deposits, abandoned mines and historical mining sites) need to be assessed in the face of other land uses, taking into account criteria such as agriculture, forestry, habitats for fauna and flora, other environmental concerns, priorities for settlements and infrastructure, etc. At the same time, the mineral needs of our society must be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This means that sufficient access is required to explore and exploit primary raw materials. The exploitation of minerals in Europe is an indispensable activity to ensure that the present and future needs of the European society can be met. This encourages the study of the distribution of pottery with this particular temper. Finally, Montjuïc crushed sandstone used as pottery temper has been also reported in the productions of a medieval (12th-13th century) workshop in Barcelona. The use of Montjuïc sandstone in Roman tesserae has been reported for the first time with interesting implications on previously unreported evidence of Roman extraction at the bottom part of the Montjuïc cliff. The petrographic approach has demonstrated that some Roman heritage materials had been erroneously assigned to Montjuïc sandstone and the revision of all the pieces macroscopically assigned to this provenance is advised. A petrographic survey oriented to the detection of such markers has been fruitfully applied to sculptures, architectural elements, mosaics, and pottery. Several characteristic provenance markers have been identified among them the most specifically restricted to Montjuïc sandstone are the K-feldspar clasts with authigenic overgrowths. Polarized and cathodoluminescence microscopies have been used to describe the main petrographic features of Montjuïc sandstones. The present study deals with a particular clastic rock from the Montjuïc hill exploited since Roman times in Barcino (present-day Barcelona (NE Spain)). Smaller stone tools are likely to have been made at the location of the archaeological site from material gathered locally, mostly pebbles from clastic rocks, which were accessible and suitable for tooling. This indicates that the limestones for architectural elements, stone mortars and tesserae were brought to Mošnje from distant locations. Cretaceous miliolid limestones and biocalcarenitic limestones with rudists are common in the successions of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform in SW Slovenia (for example, on the Trieste-Komen Plateau), NE Italy and SW Croatia.
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The nearest Lower Jurassic biopelmicritic limestones are found at the western periphery of Ljubljana in Podutik. Other finds were made of four different Mesozoic shallow-water limestones which outcrop in different areas of Central and SW Slovenia. The majority of artefact sampled is composed of Upper Palaeozoic quartz sandstones, which are found as pebbles in gravel bars close to the archaeological site while 2 samples were from Quaternary coarse grained clastic rocks which can be found in local glacio-fluvial sediments. Comparison was made with rock samples taken from quarries and gravel bars close to the archaeological site, as well as from larger distance to the site.
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A total of 28 representative finds (querns, mortars, whetstones, tooled and rounded stones, a fragment of stone slab, mosaic tesserae and two architectural elements-one with a relief) made of clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks were examined.
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This study deals with the macroscopic and microfacies characterisation of Roman stone artefacts excavated in 2006 from a Roman villa rustica near Mošnje (NW Slovenia) with the aim of defining their provenance.